There are three primary factors that determine the resistance to blood flow within a single vessel: vessel diameter (or radius), vessel length, and viscosity of the blood. Of these three factors, the most important quantitatively and physiologically is vessel diameter. The reason for this is that vessel diameter changes because of contraction and relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle in the wall of the blood vessel. Furthermore, as described below, very small changes in vessel diameter lead to large changes in resistance. Vessel length does not change significantly and blood viscosity normally stays within a small range (except when hematocrit changes).
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Vessel resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length (L) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and inversely proportional to the radius to the fourth power (r4).
Because changes in diameter and radius are directly proportional to each other (D = 2r; therefore D ∝ r), diameter can be substituted for radius in the following expression. Therefore, a vessel having twice the length of another vessel (and each having the same radius) will have twice the resistance to flow. Similarly, if the viscosity of the blood increases 2-fold, the resistance to flow will increase 2-fold. In contrast, an increase in radius will reduce resistance. Furthermore, the change in radius alters resistance to the fourth power of the change in radius. For example, a 2-fold increase in radius decreases resistance by 16-fold! Therefore, vessel resistance is exquisitely sensitive to changes in radius.
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The relationship between flow and vessel radius to the fourth power (assuming constant ΔP, L, η and laminar flow conditions) is illustrated in the figure to the right. This figure shows how very small decreases in radius dramatically reduces flow. Jprofiler 11 0 3.
Vessel length does not change appreciably in vivo and, therefore, can generally be considered constant. Blood viscosity normally does not change very much; however, it can be significantly altered by changes in hematocrit, temperature, and by low flow states.
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If the above expression for resistance is combined with the equation describing the relationship between flow, pressure and resistance (F=ΔP/R), then
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This relationship (Poiseuille's equation) was first described by the 19th century French physician Poiseuille. It is a description of how flow is related to perfusion pressure, radius, length, and viscosity. The full equation contains a constant of integration and pi, which are not included in the above proportionality.
In the body, however, flow does not conform exactly to this relationship because this relationship assumes long, straight tubes (blood vessels), a Newtonian fluid (e.g., water, not blood which is non-Newtonian), and steady, laminar flow conditions. Nevertheless, the relationship clearly shows the dominant influence of vessel radius on resistance and flow and therefore serves as an important concept to understand how physiological (e.g., vascular tone) and pathological (e.g., vascular stenosis) changes in vessel radius affect pressure and flow, and how changes in heart valve orifice size (e.g., in valvular stenosis) affect flow and pressure gradients across heart valves. Instabro 5 2 7 – browser for instagram passwords.
Although the above discussion is directed toward blood vessels, the factors that determine resistance across a heart valve are the same as described above except that length becomes insignificant because path of blood flow across a valve is extremely short compared to a blood vessel. Therefore, when resistance to flow is described for heart valves, the primary factors considered are radius and blood viscosity.
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Revised 12/8/2017